white lotus rebellionwhite lotus rebellion

from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. White Lotus Rebellion, Chinese anti-Manchu uprising that occurred during the Ch'ing dynasty. A decree by the Daoguang Emperor admitted, "it was extortion by local officials that goaded the people into rebellion" By threatening the arrest of people who engaged in sectarian activities, local officials and police extorted money from people. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. The Cult of the White Lotus, a secret revolutionary society, has once again become popular among the common people. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . When the last Chinese dynastythe Qing dynastyfell in 19111912, it marked the end of the nation's incredibly long imperial history. The White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. He simply and quietly disappeared. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. By 1387, after more than 30 years of war, their leader, Zhu Yuanzhang conquered the North China Plain and occupied the Yuan capital Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing). Since then, this book has become an invaluable source because it has enabled scholars to understand the beliefs of these groups. The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). The White Lotus Rebellion was put down in 1805 as a combination of military and social policies. The White Lotus Rebellion was put down in 1805 as a combination of military and social policies. Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures used by the religious groups. Because of the brutality of the Qing troops, however, the troops were soon nicknamed the "Red Lotus" Society. As one Qing official complained: The rebels are all our own subjects. It is only as historical sources look back upon these events do they began to summarize the various aspects of these uprisings as the "White Lotus rebellion. "Rebellion and Religious Identity: The Case of the White Lotus Uprising (17961804)", This page was last edited on 14 February 2023, at 03:10. The government had to depend on more Han Chinese recruits (Green Standard) since there were not enough Manchu. 22 Feb. 2023 . "[5] A systematic program of pacification followed: the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militias. But as oue leader fell or was captured, another replaced him, and as the rebellion was extinguished in one place, it blazed out in another. France seized Southeast Asia, creating its colony of French Indochina. Members of the society were not ethnically different from Han Chinese, but subscribed to a belief based on a mixture of Taoism, Buddhism, and Manichaeism. Beginning as enslavement protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many citizens. He declared that to prevent the capture of the young prince when a child, he had fled with him and concealed him beyond the borders of China. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . View original page. [10], The Qing commanders who were sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. This rebellion grew rapidly under Lin Chi-hieh and other leaders, oue of whom was a woman surnamed Wang, until there were a hundred thousand rebels in arms, who fought with varying fortune against an at least equal number of imperialist solidiers. The White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804 In the densely forested border area between the provinces Hubei, Sichuan and Shaanxi, a lot of homeless peasant refugees(liumin, see also shed people) had gathered to escape the grip of landowners, creditors and tax collectors. Due to their brutality, the Qing troops were soon nicknamed the "Red Lotus" Society. However, the rulers were afraid that White Lotus Society might menace their rules. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the Jin dynasty founded by Huiyuan in Mountain Lu, Jiujiang. The White Lotus bands mainly used guerrilla tactics, and once they disbanded were virtually indistinguishable from the local population. The elites' self-proclaimed position as outsiders contributed to their eventual demise. The Last Emperor, 6-year-old Puyi, formally abdicated the throne on Feb. 12, 1912, ending not only the Qing dynasty but China's millennia-long imperial period. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. After both died in battle in 1796, the Qing government sent new officials, but none were successful. The rebellion grew in number and power and eventually, into a serious concern for the government. Social uprisings against the Qing began with the White Lotus uprising in 17961820. Qing Dynasty, China's Last Imperial Family, The Boxer Rebellion in Editorial Cartoons, Biography of Sun Yat-sen, Chinese Revolutionary Leader, The Fall of the Ming Dynasty in China in 1644, Tibet and China: History of a Complex Relationship, The Complex Structure of Ethnic Conflict in the Frontier: Through the Debates Around the 'Jindandao Incident' in 1891, The Monarch and Inner/Outer Court Dualism in Late Imperial China, 'Revolution': Conceptualizing Political and Social Change in the Late Qing Dynasty, Moving to the Right Place at the Right Time: Economic Effects on Migrants of the Manchuria Plague of 191011, Size and Dynastic Decline: The Principal-Agent Problem in Late Imperial China, 17001850. When the Manchu tribes of Manchuria (now Northeast China) conquered China some 500 years later in the 17th century and proclaimed the Qing dynasty, the White Lotus members dedicated themselves to the overthrow of the alien Manchu and to the return of the previous Ming dynasty (13681644). Though he passed through an area inhabited by almost a million peasants, his army never measured more than four thousand soldiers, many of whom had been forced into service. Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures which were used by the religious groups. A decree by the Daoguang Emperor admitted, "it was extortion by local officials that goaded the people into rebellion" By threatening the arrest of people who engaged in sectarian activities, local officials and police extorted money from people. [1] A smaller precursor to the main rebellion broke out in 1774, under the leadership of the martial-arts and herbal-healing expert Wang Lun in Shandong province of northern China. The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912. Dr. Kallie Szczepanski is a history teacher specializing in Asian history and culture. In 1794, a similar movement arose in the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces in central China, initially as a tax protest. Though many movements and rebellions were considered by imperial bureaucrats to have been led by White Lotus Society leaders, there is reason to doubt that the White Lotus Society had any organizational unity. They are not like some external tribe . The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. A decree from the Emperor Daoguang admitted, "it was extortion by local officials that goaded the people into rebellion" Using the arrest of sectarian members as a threat, local officials and police extorted money from people. These militia groups were later instrumental in defeating the Taiping rebellion. This Liu Chi-hieh set up a youth named Wang Fa-sheng, whom he represented to be a member of the Chu family and a descendant of the Ming emperors, as the rightful sovereign of the people. When they congregate and oppose the government, they are rebels; when they disperse and depart, they are civilians once more. Some of these militia groups were further trained as attack armies to seek out the rebels, whose forces were thinned by offers of amnesty to the rank and file and of rewards for the capture of the leaders. The grew in number and power and eventually, into a serious concern for the government. By that time, however, the regular government forces were too ridden with corruption to be of any use. that can be demarcated by a territorial boundary and identified by its distinctive clothing and language. The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion that occurred during the Qing Dynasty of China. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White . [2][3]. White Lotus Rebellion, (1796-1804), large-scale uprising in the mountainous regions of central China that contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty (1644-1911/12). White Lotus Rebellion, Chinese anti-Manchu uprising that occurred during the Ch'ing dynasty. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the 14th century under the Mongol -led Yuan dynasty. Definition 1 / 6 - rebellion began in 1794; rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China - large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces (2020, August 27). In the period after about 1680 the introduction of corn (maize) and sweet potatoes, followed in the 18th century by the introduction of the Irish potato, made upland farming possible. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. Encyclopedia.com. Where this rebellion took place and the Qing Empires reaction: however it was indirectly responsible because it was the catalyst for the other rebellions that occurred in the future. It is only as historical sources look back upon these events do they began to summarize the various aspects of these uprisings as the "White Lotus rebellion."[7]. When the White Lotus Rebellion (1796-1804) occurred, the dynasty was forced to turn to peasant soldiers to suppress the rebels in central and southern China, since the regular army lacked the necessary strength and morale. Snow Lotus is your One stop shop for exclusive Antique Silver Artifacts & Authentic Silver in Dallas. (February 22, 2023). Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Eventually, the rebellion was crushed by the Qing elites; but the White Lotus organization remained secret and intact, and advocated for the overthrow of the Qing dynasty. "Civilians Go into Battle: Hired Militias in the White Lotus War, 1796-1805. Contents 1 Daze Village Uprising 2 Rebellion of the Seven States 3 Llin 4 Chimei 5 Yellow Turban Rebellion 6 Five Pecks of Rice Rebellion 7 An Shi Rebellion 8 Red Turban Rebellion 9 Li Zicheng's Rebellion 10 Revolt of the Three Feudatories _____ us amazing stories about her youth in Hong Kong. - the imperial authorities suppressed the White Lotus Rebellion in 1805 using a combination of military and social policies. ", Dai, Yingcong. She has taught at the high school and university levels in the U.S. and South Korea. However, the date of retrieval is often important. The nine-years long White Lotus war had devastated a large number of districts in Central China. This took place during the Qing Dynasty, and lasted from 1796 to 1804. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. BJ Ter Haar has argued that the term "White Lotus" was used primarily by Ming and Qing imperial bureaucrats to disparagingly explain a wide range of unconnected millenarian traditions, rebel movements, and popular religious practices. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. Having attained the Mandate of Heaven and the status of Emperor, Zhu Yuanzhang named his period of reign "Hongwu" (thus he was known as the Hongwu Emperor) and founded a new dynasty the Ming dynasty. Encyclopedia.com. In 1794, one instance of a derivative sect of the White Lotus, the Eight Trigrams arose in the form of underground meditation teachings and practice in Shandong province, not far from Beijing (Zhili) near the city of Linqing. Having attained the Mandate of Heaven and the status of Emperor, Zhu Yuanzhang named his period of reign "Hongwu" (thus he was known as the Hongwu Emperor) and founded a new dynasty the Ming dynasty. This internecine war lasted over ten years, at a cost of tens of thousands of lives and an expenditure, by the government alone, of two hundred million taels in money. [4], Though many movements and rebellions were considered by imperial bureaucrats to have been led by White Lotus Society leaders, there is reason to doubt that the White Lotus Society had any organizational unity. [8] The leader, herbalist and martial artist Wang Lun, led an uprising that captured three small cities and laid siege to the larger city of Linqing, a strategic location on the north-south Grand Canal transportation route. [9], A systematic program of pacification followed: the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militias. ", Without any clear enemy to fight, brutality against civilians became more common. [citation needed], For the 14th-century rebellion also related to the White Lotus, see, Last edited on 14 February 2023, at 03:10, "Civilians Go into Battle: Hired Militias in the White Lotus War, 17961805", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_Lotus_Rebellion&oldid=1139241640, Dai, Yingcong. There the foreign powers essentially controlled trade and the military, although technically they remained part of Qing China. One of the tools they used to stay in power was a very strict restriction on trade. ", Dai, Yingcong. ThoughtCo, Aug. 27, 2020, thoughtco.com/fall-of-the-qing-dynasty-195608. [13], Forty-eight years later, Zeng Guofan, leader of Hunan-based Xiang Army studied the Qing government's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion and he was inspired by them while he was considering ways to suppress the Taiping Rebellion. The first Chinese immigrant to the United Sta, boxer Alissa, Clarissa, kisser, Larissa, Marisa, Melissa, Orissa, reminiscer fixer, mixer, sixer convincer, mincer, pincer, rinser, wincer Amrits, White Lafitte Jos (Silvestre de los Dolores), White House Correspondents' Association Dinner 2006 Speech, White Hot: The Mysterious Murder of Thelma Todd, White Nights (Belye Nochi) by Fedor Dostoevskii, 1848, https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/white-lotus-rebellion. After both died in battle in 1796, Beijing sent new officials but none were successful. The Red Turban Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Hngjn Qy) was an uprising influenced by the White Lotus Society members that, between 1351 and 1368, targeted the ruling Yuan Dynasty of China, eventually leading to its overthrowing. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). . The Rebellion is estimated to have caused the deaths of some 100,000 rebels.[1][2]. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . In 1794, one instance of a derivative sect of the White Lotus, the Eight Trigrams arose in the form of underground meditation teachings and practice in Shandong province, not far from Beijing (Zhili) near the city of Linqing. When they congregate and oppose the government, they are rebels; when they disperse and depart, they are civilians once more. . One such official was Huang Yupian (), who refuted the ideas which were found in the scriptures which expressed orthodox Confucian and Buddhist views in A Detailed Refutation of Heresy ( Pxi Xingbin), which was written in 1838. . The White Lotus Rebellion began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to evade government troops. Barend Joannes Ter Haar has argued that the term "White Lotus" was used primarily by Ming and Qing imperial bureaucrats to disparagingly explain a wide range of unconnected millenarian traditions, rebel movements, and popular religious practices. J.D., University of Washington School of Law, B.A., History, Western Washington University. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. ", McCaffrey, Cecily. The young pretender, Wang Fa-sheng, was never any other than a puppet in the hands of the leaders. //]]>. The Qing had forbidden agriculture in the northern regions, which were left to the Mongol pastoralists, but the introduction of new world crops such as potato and maize opened the northern region plains farming. window.__mirage2 = {petok:"uAtwiiQKDz3pej8tikjjXf8qtftBywxw48FuRjxp2JM-86400-0"}; . Within China, dissent grew, and the empire began to crumble from within. The White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. [8] The leader, herbalist and martial artist Wang Lun, led an uprising that captured three small cities and laid siege to the larger city of Linqing, a strategic location on the north-south Grand Canal transportation route. Welcome to White Lotus Dental: At White Lotus Dental our goal is to provide the highest quality dental care in a comfortable, relaxed and friendly environment. A pattern emerged of growing rice in the valley bottoms, corn on the lower mountain slopes, and Irish potatoes on the higher land. One Qing response was to suppress the word "revolution" by banning it from their world-history textbooks. Though he passed through an area inhabited by almost a million peasants, his army never measured more than 4,000 soldiers, many of whom had been forced into service. Only after 1800 did the Qing government adopt new tactics that established local militias (tuan) to help surround and destroy the White Lotus. Althongh there were several risings against the Manchu dynasty during the first four reigns, the White Lotus Society kept quiet until about 1761, when the Emperor Kien-lung issued an edict against it and the Ming Tsuen or Illustrious Worthies and the Pah Yun or White Cloud sects. from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. What started as a local rebellion grew into a serious political crisis, as the central government was no longer able to operate its military machine. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. The White lotus (Bailian Jiao, ) was a Buddhist political and religious movement that believed in a universal female divinity, the "Unborn Old Mother" who would gather all of her children towards the end of the millennium, into one large family. Although the rebellion continued for nine years, it never became an organized attempt to establish a new dynasty. Explain semantic, declarative, episodic, and explicit memories. Eventually, the Qing armies and the peasants united, but they were unable to defeat the foreign powers. Szczepanski, Kallie. [6] At the . In 1775, a chief of the White Lotus Society, named Liu Sung, was banished from Anhwei to Kansuh after sending people to the area under pretext of healing diseases by prayer and incantation, to gain adherents to his cause in Western China. The White Lotus Rebellion Another important rebellion launched by members of the White Lotus Society was the White Lotus Rebellion . https://www.thoughtco.com/fall-of-the-qing-dynasty-195608 (accessed March 4, 2023). His rule covered a span of 63 years, a reign lo, Kublai Khan Sun Yat-Sen emerged as China's first "professional" revolutionary, having gained an international reputation by being abducted by Qing agents in the Chinese Embassy in London in 1896. Retrieved February 22, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/white-lotus-rebellion. Save up to $6,685 on one of 9 used Lotus Evora 400s in Frisco, TX. These three Atlantic RevolutionsAmerican, French, and Haitianwere part of a broader world crisis at the end of the eighteenth century. The Qing state banned the religion, and it, The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (11271279). In the stockades they were organized into local militia defense corps. // How Many Fans Do West Ham Have Worldwide, College Water Polo Coach Salary, Sonny Liston Interview, Matt Stafford Win Loss Record, Articles W