why was france a threat to elizabeth in 1558why was france a threat to elizabeth in 1558

You may use the following in your answer: France and Elizabeth's legitimacy (16 marks) 'Religion was the main cause of the . Spain and France were also involved in these plots and so there was always the danger of a foriegn invasion. Am I doing my History A-Level coursework correctly? Elizabeth I is by many historians considered one of England's greatest ever monarchs, which heralded the 'golden age' in English history. Many northern nobles were still committed Catholics and wanted to see the restoration of Catholicism under a Catholic monarch. In October 1586, Mary was found guilty of treason and sentenced to death. By the 1580s, the relationship between England and Spain was at its lowest point and the tension was at boiling point. Elizabeth was inheriting a terrible situation, which she had to sort out. This was important because it demonstrated the strength of Catholic feeling within England and highlighted how Elizabeth, after 11 years, was still vulnerable to English Catholics. Elizabeth also felt she had no right to execute a legitimate monarch but also, executing a queen could set a dangerous precedent that could undermine her own claim to rule by Divine Right and fuel more plots against her. Abroad, however, was another matter as Marys execution inflamed Catholic opposition and increased the threat of foreign invasion. During Drakes raid, he captured more than 1000 tons of planks made from seasoned wood, which was needed to make the barrels used to carry food and water. The second concern of legitimacy again comes from the marriage of Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. France, Spain and Scotland were all Catholic countries in 1558. Moreover, the brazenness of these revolts was further helped by the blessing of the Pope, whose directives on recusancy and overthrowing Elizabeth were obeyed by many Catholics both domestically and internationally. If this union between Scotland and France became something, Spain could help England by attacking France from below. Most of the new ships were being built in the deepwater port Portuguese port of Lisbon which was protected by strong fortifications. Protestants (notably John Knox) initially claimed female rule was unnatural or monstrous, while Roman Catholics judged . - Leith blockade. A very detailed response which demonstrates excellent subject knowledge and reaches a clear judgement based on justifiable criteria. By the end of Elizabeths reign, the navy was also playing an important role in settling up an English colony in North America. He saw Drake as a pirate and therefore deemed Elizabeths act as deliberately provocative. One reason Dudley failed was that he wasnt a talented general or tactician. Elizabeth had reinstated Protestantism as the official religion of England when she inherited the throne, but that did not mean that there were not still Catholics residing in the country. Queen Elizabeth showed no mercy to the rebels and the Earl of Northumberland along with 400 rebel troops were executed while the Earl of Westmorland fled abroad. When Mary, Queen of Scots arrived in England in 1568, replacing Elizabeth with Mary became a realistic possibility. Importantly too, Elizabeths fear of the Auld Alliance was heightened by the fact that the Catholic Mary, Queen of Scots, had declared herself the legitimate Queen of England (owing to the fact that she was Elizabeths second cousin and the granddaughter of Henry VIIIs sister Margaret) and she had the support of many English Catholics. The Northern Earls were unhappy and rebelled for several reasons: The Revolt of the Northern Earls was arguably the most serious rebellion during Elizabeths reign and presented a threat for a number of reasons: During the 1570s and 1580s, there were several plots by Catholics to assassinate Queen Elizabeth and replace her with Mary, Queen of Scots. In 1569, one of the wealthiest landowners in England, the Duke of Norfolk concocted a plan to marry Mary, Queen of Scots and have her recognised as Elizabeths heir. The threat of France to Elizabeth's rule Elizabeth had two main problems concerning France: She inherited a bad relationship with France from her predecessor Queen Mary I. France were. The Spanish had planned to come alongside their opponents and attempt to board their ships to try to overcome the enemy through hand-to-hand fighting. Here is an example answer to the following 16-mark question on the problem posed to Elizabeth I upon her accession arising from the question of legitimacy. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! The reasons for, and significance of, the Revolt of the Northern Earls, 156970. Elizabeth chose to give direct help to the rebels by signing the Treaty of Nonsuch, which placed the Netherlands under her protection and promised military help. Overall then, despite the question of legitimacy being extremely important due to the fact that Elizabeth could not count on the support of many English Catholics and the fact that it allowed a rival in Scotland to have claims to the throne, the immediate concerns of Elizabeth were of a more practical nature. As the war ended, Philip II of Spain wanted to stay on good . Throckmorton was tortured and although he confessed, was then killed. Parents: Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. The aim was to rid France of heresy (Protestantism). The core of her legitimacy problem centred around the circumstances of her birth by Anne Boleyn. - Significant political threat as her legitimacy and gender led to people not accepting her as queen. 30 ships were destroyed, as well as lots of supplies. Describe two features of the Rebellion of the Norther earls 1559 7. Their complete failure effectively ended any threat Spain posed to the English. The imprisonment owed to her likely involvement in the murder of her second husband, Lord Darnley. Another reason Dudley failed was a number of his officers were divided over questions of strategy. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. This forced the Spanish fleet to travel into the dangerous waters off the Scottish and Irish coasts. You may use the following in your answer: Mary, Queen of Scots and foreign threat (12 marks) . Instead, her goal was to ensure freedom of worship for Dutch Protestants and protect Englands Military, commercial and strategic interests listed above. "The Scarlet Ibis" would be a different story if it were told from Doodle's point of view. Philip II and the Pope supported the plot that would involve the invasion of England by the Duke of Guise. Francis Drake is knighted on the Golden Hind. Describe two features of the Puritan challenge 6. [Blog], Medicine Community Feedback and Suggestions, 2023 entry A100 / A101 Medicine fastest and slowest offer senders, Borders & Enforcement, Immigration Enforcement - Immigration Officer June 22, Official University of the Arts London 2023 Applicants Thread. Another danger was the risk Marys son, James VI of Scotland posted as he might seek revenge for his mothers death. Importantly too, at different points these plots were orchestrated or sponsored by the Pope and Spain and were dependent on the support of English Catholics to work, demonstrating the increasing Catholic threat to Elizabeth, internationally and domestically. Legitimacy of succession: The Pope did not recognise Henry VIII's marriage to Anne. In response to the Throckmorton Plot, Elizabeths advisors drafted the Bond of Association, which was aimed at deterring any further plots. Many reasons led to discontent between Spain and England. Boston House, Design engineering imperial 2023 applicants, Border Force Officer - Core and Mobile teams recruitment campaign September 2022. This meant atholics did not think . The defeat of the Northern Earls showed there was little appetite for a Catholic revolution. A significant amount of the Spanish troops lacked the experience of naval warfare, whereas the English fleet was manned by experienced sailors. Doodle's Point of View 1558 -french threat. Roberto Ridolfi was a spy of the Pope. The execution of Mary, Queen of Scots eventually took place on 8th February 1587. Instead, both men preferred to negotiate a settlement. Official Thread: (Undergraduate) Medicine 2023 Entry, St George's University of London (SGUL) A101 2023 Entry. The powerful countries in Europe at that time - France and Spain - were Catholic and the plots against Elizabeth often . By instinct, Elizabeth was a After her death in 1558, her half-sister Elizabeth I preceded the throne and she tried to re-establish Puritanism in England. To her credit, when Elizabeth died in 1603, the nation was only in debt to the tune of 350,000 - 123,000 more than in 1558, but spread over the duration of her reign, this represented just under 3,000 a year. The strength of this relationship was shown by the fact that French troops were stationed on the English and Scottish border. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. The northern nobles felt Elizabeths advisors were responsible for many of these policy changes. Copyright The Student Room 2023 all rights reserved. There was broad support for the new Settlement and very few refused to take the oath of loyalty to the queen. A war would have to involve invasion because after 1558 England had no possessions in mainland Europe (Calais had been lost in 1558). In 1568 Elizabeth also controversially stole gold from Spanish ships (which was loaned from Genoese banks to fund the Spanish army, against the Dutch rebels) that were staying at English ports. King Phillip II had been married to Queen Mary I of England and the two had been allies in a war against France in the 1550s. On the death of Mary and the accession of Elizabeth, many hard-line Protestants returned from mainland Europe (where they had fled for their own safety during the reign of Mary) in the full expectation that they were returning to a state where Protestantism was the one and only . West Yorkshire, Best Answer. They had enjoyed religious freedom under Queen Mary, Elizabeth's sister, and they were now being. Boston Spa, Dedicated to. [A clear summary of the arguments, once more making the link between Mary, the Pope and Catholic interference.]. The execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, finally removed the on-going threat at home from Catholics who wanted to replace Elizabeth with her. Elizabeth lived quietly at her . Therefore, I disagree with the statement. Edward was born on 12 October 1537 in his mother's room inside Hampton Court Palace, in Middlesex. In Europe, the 1570s saw some of the worst atrocities of the protracted fall-out of the Reformation. 214 High Street, English direct involvement in the Netherlands, 1585-88. The reasons for, and significance of, Mary Queen of Scots execution in 1587. The raid on Cadiz was a good strategic move by the English and not only weakened the Spanish, but strengthened the English. Elizabeth was eager to nullify the threat of the Auld Alliance (Scotland and France), which had been further reinforced by the marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots and French King Francis II. Elizabeth and Philipthese two powerful peoplewould begin their relationship peacefully, even warmly, but they would become enemies, facing off in a battle of empires and faiths that would . The features and significance of the Ridolfi, Throckmorton and Babington plots. VAT reg no 816865400. -Threats from Catholics in the middle years were significant e.g. Elizabeths legitimacy was one of many problems that Elizabeth faced when she became Queen in 1558. The fact that the Pope never approved Henry VIIIs divorce from Catherine of Aragon in 1533 (and England had to break from Rome in order to achieve this) combined with the fact that Catherine was still alive when Elizabeth was born. Why was France a threat? Foreign Affairs. Elizabeth increased her financial commitment to the cause of the Dutch rebels and hired mercenary soldiers to intervene in the conflict under the leadership of John Casimir. In the eyes of the Spanish, Drake was a pirate however in the eyes of the English and Elizabeth, he was a patriot. In 1558, England lost its final possession - the port of Calais - in France. The plot failed as it was discovered by Francis Walsingham, Elizabeths principal secretary and spymaster, who placed Throckmorton under surveillance for several months. Elizabeth sent an army of 14,000 men to crush the revolt, which lasted around a month (November to December). Spain depended on large ships which were heavy and difficult to handle whereas the English built long, narrow ships that were faster and easier to handle. This Papal Bull meant that the loyalty of English Catholics towards Elizabeth was now always in doubt and placed a wedge between the English Catholics monarch and their faith. Elizabeth was actually popular which meant those conspiring to overthrow her lacked public support. Suitable for the Edexcel GCSE History (9-1) course. While a baby is born at various points throughout the show, Francis is not its father. One last thing to consider was the fact that Elizabeth was unmarried and childless. Elizabeths legitimacy becomes a problem because of this marriage. England and Spain had tried to remain on good terms but a growing rivalry between them led to increased tensions. Elizabeth couldn't restore authority and teachings of the Pope. Become a Member | Northern Rebellion led by Earl of Westmorland. [This is a confident answer because it selects two reasons and links them together, showing a clear conceptual focus as well as wide-ranging knowledge]. These problems included Gender, Religion, Finance and Foreign policy. In January 1558, the french conquered Calais, England's last remaining territory on the European mainland. It was estimated that Drake returned with approximately 400,000 of Spanish treasure from regular raids of Spanish ports in South America. [Referencing this date is very good, because it demonstrates to the examiner awareness of WHY the question includes this date in the first place. Over the last 40 years there had been 3 different rulers, Henry VIII, Edward VI and Mary I all of which had very different views on religion and running the country. 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Following Marys death, there were no more major Catholic plots during Elizabeths reign. [The conclusion establishes relative importance and explains why one factor was more important than another.]. Guy states that Northumberland's success in foreign policy was due to ending Somerset's wars . In order to marry Anne Boleyn, Henry VIII had to divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. Edward was succeeded by Mary, who in turn ruled for five years until her death in 1558. Many of the rebel troops deserted while the two Earls fled to Scotland. The relative strength of France and weakness of England was further compounded by the fact that Elizabeth had to recognize the loss of Calais to France under the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559, following a disastrous English military campaign under the reign of Elizabeths predecessor, Mary I. Calais had been in English hands since 1347. As the Spanish had lost these to Drake, they were forced to make their barrels from unseasoned wood, which couldnt preserve food or water very well. As Phillip was a devout Catholic, he disliked Elizabeths religious settlement and Protestanism. The local inhabitants showed little mercy to the survivors of these wrecks. 1534 Duke of Angoulme (third son of Francis I)c1542 A Prince of Portugal1543 Son of the Earl of Arran 1544 Prince Philip (Philip II) 1547 Sir Thomas Seymour 1552 Prince of Denmark 1553 Courtenay, Earl of Devonshire 1554 Philibert Emanuel, Duke of Savoy 1554 Prince of Denmark 1556 Prince Eric of Sweden 1556 Don Carlos (son of Philip II)1559 Philip II 1559 Prince Eric of Sweden 1559 Son of John Frederic, Duke of Saxony 1559 Sir William Pickering 1559 Earl of Arran 1559 Henry Fitzalan, Earl of Arundel 1559 Robert Dudley 1560 King Eric of Sweden 1560 Adolphus, Duke of Holstein 1560 King Charles IX 1560 Henry, Duke of Anjou 1566 Robert Dudley 1568 Archduke Charles 1570 Henry Duke of Anjou 1572- 1584 Francis, Duke of Alencon, later Anjou. Company Reg no: 04489574. This was an important symbolic gesture, which angered Philip II. - Threats of invasion or Elizabeth's authority were made worse by her financial situation. Therefore, Henry created the Church of England, a protestant church, which allowed for divorce. Her first husband, Francis II, had died in December 1560. This was viewed as significant because it was seen as a means to increase trade, to expand Protestantism and to use the area as a base for attacks on Spanish colonies in the New World. Spymaster and Secretary of State from 1573 Francis Walsingham uncovered the plot. However, she was fearful of the presence of Spain in the Netherlands, who were busy putting down the Dutch Revolt from 1566 under the command of the Duke of Alba. No Payment details required and completelyRisk Free. Drake also managed to capture a Spanish ship called the. Surviving colonists abandon Virginia and return to England. Overview of Elizabeth I / To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. Foreign prince candinates would all be Catholic. Mary's Catholicism and previous alliance with France increased the threat of a French invasion in support of her, which threatened the stability of Elizabeth's kingdom. There was also a fear that France and Scotland, alongside Spain, could launch an invasion of England as part of a greater Catholic crusade against the rogue English Protestant nation. Save. Spain and France were the major European powers. Norfolk was killed in 1572. English exports to Europe were vital to the English economy and reached the European market via the Dutch ports, particularly Antwerp. migration? Podcast: The Life and Significance of Alan Turing, Copyright The Historical Association 2023. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. At the beginning of her reign, an obvious candidate for Elizabeth to marry was her half sister's widow, Phillip of Spain. The Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis of April 1559 between Spain and France was meant to be the start of lasting peace between the two. Elizabeth's parents, Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - conclusion. The English army was also poorly equipped and Elizabeth did not provide sufficient funds to pay for the English troops. No, Francis in Reign does not have a child. Company Reg no: 04489574. Henry himself gave people cause . Continue with Recommended Cookies. Stimulus = Mary Queen of Scots arrival in England / The sea beggars, [Examiner commentary following each paragraph and at the end is provided in italics], ____________________________________________________. "The little Queen of Scots is the most perfect child that I have ever seen," King Henry II of France proclaimed soon after meeting his new charge (Mary of Guise had stayed in Scotland to rule . Elizabeth made England protestant, which caused tension with the rest of Europe as they were heavily catholic (such as Spain and France). his early wars against France and his championing of Catholic orthodoxy against the teachings of Martin Luther. Anne was executed less than three years after Elizabeth's birth. A great threat was presented by Catholic opposition to Elizabeth's rule, but Mary's influence over this, and therefore the threat that she posed as an individual, may be called into question. The child cried when he saw the _______ of his favorite toy in the driveway. Those who refused this were sent to prison. On November 1569, the Earls managed to capture Durham and proceeded to celebrate Catholic Mass in the Cathedral before marching south in the direction of Tutbury, Derbyshire where Mary was imprisoned. In 1580, she received treasure from Sir Francis Drake from his exploits which was worth more than all the rest of her income for that year put together. On the show, Francis has a tumultuous relationship with his wife, Mary, and their inability to conceive a child is a major source of conflict between them. The war against France ended in 1559, and following Elizabeths accession, they tried to maintain good relations between the two countries. Elizabeth, however, did not sign the death warrant until February 1587. Marys permanent presence in England meant that she was a rallying point for many Catholics, who believed she had a stronger claim to the English throne than Elizabeth. The fear of a Catholic uprising and a plot against Elizabeth was a constant threat to her. The leading figure involved in the plot was Francis Throckmorton, a young Catholic man who carried messages between Mary and Catholic conspirators abroad. threats did Elizabeth face in 1558? Philip IIs decision to reorganise the Dutch government and church angered both the Dutch Catholics and the Protestants. In 1587, Sir Francis Drake attacked the Spanish port of Cadiz in what would become known as the Singeing of the King of Spains beard. Elizabeth I was Queen of England and Ireland from 17th November 1558 to 24th March 1603. Write a paragraph or two. 214 High Street, Oct 12, 2019 83 Dislike Podpast 106 subscribers Recap and review of the problems Elizabeth faced when she became Queen in 1558. If those Catholics decided to rebel against . However, the Catholic Church bans divorce which presented a problem for Henry as he could not legally get rid of Catherine. The Spanish had a greater army and Dudleys army was significantly smaller. Boston Spa, Coronation: 15 January 1559, Westminster Abbey. They began to revolt against the Spanish. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. The Armada sailed up the Channel in a defensive crescent formation which used the large armed galleons to protect the weaker supply ships and infantry ships. Mary Queen of Scots was married to . This meant that England had suffered economically as they were not generating any income from Calais. Many people did not want a foreigner influencing England policy. - large religious threat as shows the chance of invasion increased due to the fact Spain and France could unite together against England. Another extremely important problem Elizabeth faced were the threats from the Auld Alliance of France and Scotland, two Catholic countries that England was sandwiched between. To counter homelessness and the begging/criminal activity that sometimes accompanied this, a law was passed that stated that, if found, vagrants were: 1) to be whipped and have a hole drilled through each ear 2) if found a second time would be imprisoned 3) would be killed if found a third time. The English sent 8 fireships loaded with flammable materials in the middle of the night towards the anchored Spanish ships. 1560 - death of francis II, Mary returns to scotland as queen. Both could be serious threats to Elizabeths England. Charles Neville, 6th Earl of Westmorland was part of the rebellion against Queen Elizabeth. Most of the fleet was then destroyed by storms. Use your outline Her arrival and ultimate house arrest were the result of her having to flee Scotland. The French Catholic League signed this treaty with Philip II of Spain. Describe two features of the threats posed to Elizabeth in 1558 3. [The importance of dates and chronology help demonstrate the long- term impact of Marys presence, which helps support the initial judgement.]. When Mary eventually gets pregnant, Francis is initially . This meant that Elizabeth was declared illegitimate as her claim to the throne comes through the marriage of Anne to Henry. This was due to the actions of her father, Henry VIII, in 1533. Moreover, to raise money Elizabeth would have to make the immediately-unpopular decision of raising taxes, the permission for which would need to be granted by parliament (which, in turn, could then make further demands on Elizabeth).
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